# Introduction to bvhar

    library(bvhar)

# Data

Looking at VAR and VHAR, you can learn how the models work and how to perform this package.

## ETF Dataset

This package includes some datasets. Among them, we try CBOE ETF volatility index (`etf_vix`). Since this is just an example, we arbitrarily extract a small number of variables: Gold, crude oil, euro currency, and china ETF.

    var_idx <- c("GVZCLS", "OVXCLS", "EVZCLS", "VXFXICLS")
    etf <-
      etf_vix |>
      dplyr::select(dplyr::all_of(var_idx))
    etf
    #> # A tibble: 905 × 4
    #>    GVZCLS OVXCLS EVZCLS VXFXICLS
    #>     <dbl>  <dbl>  <dbl>    <dbl>
    #>  1   21.5   36.5   13.2     30.2
    #>  2   21.5   35.4   12.6     28.9
    #>  3   22.3   35.5   13.1     29.1
    #>  4   21.6   36.6   12.8     28.5
    #>  5   21.2   35.6   13.3     29.5
    #>  6   21.4   34.8   13.2     29.1
    #>  7   21.6   34.0   13.2     28.7
    #>  8   21.1   32.6   12.8     28.0
    #>  9   20.3   33.5   12.7     28.9
    #> 10   19.6   33.4   12.4     28.0
    #> # ℹ 895 more rows

## h-step ahead forecasting

For evaluation, split the data. The last `19` observations will be test set. `divide_ts()` function splits the time series into train-test set.

In the other vignette, we provide how to perform out-of-sample forecasting.

    h <- 19
    etf_eval <- divide_ts(etf, h) # Try ?divide_ts
    etf_train <- etf_eval$train # train
    etf_test <- etf_eval$test # test
    # dimension---------
    m <- ncol(etf)

- T: Total number of observation
- p: VAR lag
- m: Dimension of variable
- s = T - p
- k = m * p + 1 if constant term, k = m * p without constant term

# Models

## VAR

This package indentifies VAR(p) model by

\[\mathbf{Y}_t = \mathbf{c}+ \boldsymbol\beta_1 \mathbf{Y}_{t - 1} + \ldots + \boldsymbol\beta_p +\mathbf{Y}_{t - p} + \boldsymbol\epsilon_t\]

where \(\boldsymbol\epsilon_t \sim N(\mathbf{0}_k, \Sigma_e)\)

    var_lag <- 5

The package perform VAR(p = 5) based on

\[Y_0 = X_0 A + Z\]

where

\[ Y_0 = \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{y}_{p + 1}^T \\ \mathbf{y}_{p + 2}^T \\ \vdots \\ \mathbf{y}_n^T \end{bmatrix}_{s \times m} \equiv Y_{p + 1} \in \mathbb{R}^{s \times m} \]

by `build_y0()`

and

\[ X_0 = \left[\begin{array}{c|c|c|c} \mathbf{y}_p^T & \cdots & \mathbf{y}_1^T & 1 \\ \mathbf{y}_{p + 1}^T & \cdots & \mathbf{y}_2^T & 1 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \cdots & \vdots \\ \mathbf{y}_{T - 1}^T & \cdots & \mathbf{y}_{T - p}^T & 1 \end{array}\right]_{s \times k} = \begin{bmatrix} Y_p & Y_{p - 1} & \cdots & \mathbf{1}_{T - p} \end{bmatrix} \in \mathbb{R}^{s \times k} \]

by `build_design()`. Coefficient matrix is the form of

\[ A = \begin{bmatrix} A_1^T \\ \vdots \\ A_p^T \\ \mathbf{c}^T \end{bmatrix} \in \mathbb{R}^{k \times m} \]

This form also corresponds to the other model. Use `var_lm(y, p)` to model VAR(p). You can specify `type = "none"` to get model without constant term.

    (fit_var <- var_lm(etf_train, var_lag))
    #> Call:
    #> var_lm(y = etf_train, p = var_lag)
    #>
    #> VAR(5) Estimation using least squares
    #> ====================================================
    #>
    #> LSE for A1:
    #>           GVZCLS_1  OVXCLS_1  EVZCLS_1  VXFXICLS_1
    #> GVZCLS     0.93290    0.0545    0.0659     -0.0346
    #> OVXCLS    -0.02367    1.0047   -0.1447      0.0324
    #> EVZCLS    -0.00789    0.0102    0.9810      0.0199
    #> VXFXICLS  -0.03868    0.0109    0.0754      0.9328
    #>
    #>
    #> LSE for A2:
    #>           GVZCLS_2  OVXCLS_2  EVZCLS_2  VXFXICLS_2
    #> GVZCLS     -0.0781  -0.04865    0.0829      0.0561
    #> OVXCLS      0.0880   0.01207    0.2729     -0.1173
    #> EVZCLS      0.0195   0.00255   -0.1071     -0.0383
    #> VXFXICLS    0.0896   0.04278   -0.0691      0.0419
    #>
    #>
    #> LSE for A3:
    #>           GVZCLS_3  OVXCLS_3  EVZCLS_3  VXFXICLS_3
    #> GVZCLS      0.0424  -0.00452  -0.03245    -0.05967
    #> OVXCLS     -0.0272  -0.09144  -0.05764    -0.06255
    #> EVZCLS     -0.0123   0.00864   0.08693     0.00252
    #> VXFXICLS   -0.0266  -0.04810   0.00851    -0.02137
    #>
    #>
    #> LSE for A4:
    #>           GVZCLS_4  OVXCLS_4  EVZCLS_4  VXFXICLS_4
    #> GVZCLS    -0.00793   0.01072  -0.01513      0.0616
    #> OVXCLS    -0.04343  -0.00377  -0.00694      0.1445
    #> EVZCLS     0.00614  -0.02278  -0.01007      0.0200
    #> VXFXICLS  -0.00755  -0.05555   0.08783     -0.1025
    #>
    #>
    #> LSE for A5:
    #>           GVZCLS_5  OVXCLS_5  EVZCLS_5  VXFXICLS_5
    #> GVZCLS      0.0728  -0.01745   -0.0886   -0.017273
    #> OVXCLS      0.0104   0.07151   -0.0637    0.002018
    #> EVZCLS     -0.0113   0.00581    0.0202    0.000498
    #> VXFXICLS   -0.0155   0.04192   -0.0254    0.093984
    #>
    #>
    #> LSE for constant:
    #>   GVZCLS    OVXCLS    EVZCLS  VXFXICLS
    #>    0.571     0.145     0.129     0.875
    #>
    #>
    #> --------------------------------------------------
    #> *_j of the Coefficient matrix: corresponding to the j-th VAR lag

The package provide `S3` object.

    # class---------------
    class(fit_var)
    #> [1] "varlse"   "olsmod"   "bvharmod"
    # inheritance---------
    is.varlse(fit_var)
    #> [1] TRUE
    # names---------------
    names(fit_var)
    #>  [1] "coefficients"  "fitted.values" "residuals"     "covmat"
    #>  [5] "df"            "m"             "obs"           "y0"
    #>  [9] "p"             "totobs"        "process"       "type"
    #> [13] "design"        "y"             "method"        "call"

## VHAR

Consider Vector HAR (VHAR) model.

\[\mathbf{Y}_t = \mathbf{c}+ \Phi^{(d)} + \mathbf{Y}_{t - 1} + \Phi^{(w)} \mathbf{Y}_{t - 1}^{(w)} + \Phi^{(m)} \mathbf{Y}_{t - 1}^{(m)} + \boldsymbol\epsilon_t\]

where \(\mathbf{Y}_t\) is daily RV and

\[\mathbf{Y}_t^{(w)} = \frac{1}{5} \left( \mathbf{Y}_t + \cdots + \mathbf{Y}_{t - 4} \right)\]

is weekly RV

and

\[\mathbf{Y}_t^{(m)} = \frac{1}{22} \left( \mathbf{Y}_t + \cdots + \mathbf{Y}_{t - 21} \right)\]

is monthly RV. This model can be expressed by

\[Y_0 = X_1 \Phi + Z\]

where

\[ \Phi = \begin{bmatrix} \Phi^{(d)T} \\ \Phi^{(w)T} \\ \Phi^{(m)T} \\ \mathbf{c}^T \end{bmatrix} \in \mathbb{R}^{(3m + 1) \times m} \]

Let \(T\) be

\[ \mathbb{C}_0 \mathpunct{:}=\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 1 / 5 & 1 / 5 & \cdots & 1 / 5 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 1 / 22 & 1 / 22 & \cdots & 1 / 22 & 1 / 22 & \cdots & 1 / 22 \end{bmatrix} \otimes I_m \in \mathbb{R}^{3m \times 22m} \]

and let \(\mathbb{C}_{HAR}\) be

\[ \mathbb{C}_{HAR} \mathpunct{:}=\left[\begin{array}{c|c} T & \mathbf{0}_{3m} \\ \hline \mathbf{0}_{3m}^T & 1 \end{array}\right] \in \mathbb{R}^{(3m + 1) \times (22m + 1)} \]

Then for \(X_0\) in VAR(p),

\[ X_1 = X_0 \mathbb{C}_{HAR}^T = \begin{bmatrix} \mathbf{y}_{22}^T & \mathbf{y}_{22}^{(w)T} & \mathbf{y}_{22}^{(m)T} & 1 \\ \mathbf{y}_{23}^T & \mathbf{y}_{23}^{(w)T} & \mathbf{y}_{23}^{(m)T} & 1 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\ \mathbf{y}_{T - 1}^T & \mathbf{y}_{T - 1}^{(w)T} & \mathbf{y}_{T - 1}^{(m)T} & 1 \end{bmatrix} \in \mathbb{R}^{s \times (3m + 1)} \]

This package fits VHAR by scaling VAR(p) using \(\mathbb{C}_{HAR}\) (`scale_har(m, week = 5, month = 22)`). Use `vhar_lm(y)` to fit VHAR. You can specify `type = "none"` to get model without constant term.

    (fit_har <- vhar_lm(etf_train))
    #> Call:
    #> vhar_lm(y = etf_train)
    #>
    #> VHAR Estimation====================================================
    #>
    #> LSE for day:
    #>           GVZCLS_day  OVXCLS_day  EVZCLS_day  VXFXICLS_day
    #> GVZCLS       0.87561      0.0447      0.1623      -0.03772
    #> OVXCLS       0.04147      0.9942     -0.0605      -0.09361
    #> EVZCLS       0.00305      0.0281      0.9206      -0.00748
    #> VXFXICLS     0.01021      0.0569      0.0440       0.91713
    #>
    #>
    #> LSE for week:
    #>           GVZCLS_week  OVXCLS_week  EVZCLS_week  VXFXICLS_week
    #> GVZCLS        0.01622      -0.0554      -0.1608         0.0637
    #> OVXCLS       -0.07093      -0.0373       0.2000         0.1034
    #> EVZCLS       -0.00334      -0.0414      -0.0101         0.0239
    #> VXFXICLS     -0.03756      -0.0787      -0.0135         0.0480
    #>
    #>
    #> LSE for month:
    #>           GVZCLS_month  OVXCLS_month  EVZCLS_month  VXFXICLS_month
    #> GVZCLS        0.084981       0.00359        0.0228         -0.0299
    #> OVXCLS        0.045986       0.03825       -0.1564         -0.0157
    #> EVZCLS       -0.000597       0.02030        0.0501         -0.0138
    #> VXFXICLS      0.041648       0.01263        0.0639         -0.0371
    #>
    #>
    #> LSE for constant:
    #>   GVZCLS    OVXCLS    EVZCLS  VXFXICLS
    #>    0.491     0.135     0.105     0.926
    #>
    #>
    #> --------------------------------------------------
    #> *_day, *_week, *_month of the Coefficient matrix: daily, weekly, and monthly term in the VHAR model

    # class----------------
    class(fit_har)
    #> [1] "vharlse"  "olsmod"   "bvharmod"
    # inheritance----------
    is.varlse(fit_har)
    #> [1] FALSE
    is.vharlse(fit_har)
    #> [1] TRUE
    # complements----------
    names(fit_har)
    #>  [1] "coefficients"  "fitted.values" "residuals"     "covmat"
    #>  [5] "df"            "m"             "obs"           "y0"
    #>  [9] "p"             "week"          "month"         "totobs"
    #> [13] "process"       "type"          "HARtrans"      "design"
    #> [17] "y"             "method"        "call"

## BVAR

This page provides deprecated two functions examples. Both `bvar_minnesota()` and `bvar_flat()` will be integrated into `var_bayes()` and removed in the next version.

### Minnesota prior

- Litterman (1986) and Bańbura et al. (2010)
- All the equations are centered around the random walk with drift.
- Prior mean: Recent lags provide more reliable information than the more distant ones.
- Prior variance: Own lags explain more of the variation of a given variable than the lags of other variables in the equation.

First specify the prior using `set_bvar(sigma, lambda, delta, eps = 1e-04)`.

    bvar_lag <- 5
    sig <- apply(etf_train, 2, sd) # sigma vector
    lam <- .2 # lambda
    delta <- rep(0, m) # delta vector (0 vector since RV stationary)
    eps <- 1e-04 # very small number
    (bvar_spec <- set_bvar(sig, lam, delta, eps))
    #> Model Specification for BVAR
    #>
    #> Parameters: Coefficent matrice and Covariance matrix
    #> Prior: Minnesota
    #> ========================================================
    #>
    #> Setting for 'sigma':
    #>   GVZCLS    OVXCLS    EVZCLS  VXFXICLS
    #>     3.77     10.63      2.27      3.81
    #>
    #> Setting for 'lambda':
    #> [1]  0.2
    #>
    #> Setting for 'delta':
    #> [1]  0  0  0  0
    #>
    #> Setting for 'eps':
    #> [1]  1e-04
    #>
    #> Setting for 'hierarchical':
    #> [1]  FALSE

In turn, `bvar_minnesota(y, p, bayes_spec, include_mean = TRUE)` fits BVAR(p).

- `y`: Multivariate time series data. It should be data frame or matrix, which means that every column is numeric. Each column indicates variable, i.e. it sould be wide format.
- `p`: Order of BVAR
- `bayes_spec`: Output of `set_bvar()`
- `include_mean = TRUE`: By default, you include the constant term in the model.

    (fit_bvar <- bvar_minnesota(etf_train, bvar_lag, num_iter = 10, bayes_spec = bvar_spec))
    #> Call:
    #> bvar_minnesota(y = etf_train, p = bvar_lag, num_iter = 10, bayes_spec = bvar_spec)
    #>
    #> BVAR(5) with Minnesota Prior
    #> ====================================================
    #>
    #> A ~ Matrix Normal (Mean, Precision, Scale = Sigma)
    #> ====================================================
    #> Matrix Normal Mean for A1 part:
    #>           GVZCLS_1  OVXCLS_1  EVZCLS_1  VXFXICLS_1
    #> GVZCLS      0.7771   0.00915    0.0628      0.0193
    #> OVXCLS      0.0445   0.70884    0.1111      0.0167
    #> EVZCLS      0.0104   0.01068    0.7036      0.0266
    #> VXFXICLS    0.0214   0.00673    0.1044      0.7674
    #>
    #>
    #> Matrix Normal Mean for A2 part:
    #>            GVZCLS_2   OVXCLS_2  EVZCLS_2  VXFXICLS_2
    #> GVZCLS     0.082726  -0.006736  -0.01387     -0.0020
    #> OVXCLS     0.000568   0.140781   0.02419     -0.0436
    #> EVZCLS    -0.004778   0.000769   0.11756     -0.0114
    #> VXFXICLS   0.013424  -0.003779   0.00369      0.1063
    #>
    #>
    #> Matrix Normal Mean for A3 part:
    #>           GVZCLS_3   OVXCLS_3  EVZCLS_3  VXFXICLS_3
    #> GVZCLS     0.03574  -0.003825  -0.01504    -0.00581
    #> OVXCLS    -0.01733   0.054037   0.00196    -0.01874
    #> EVZCLS    -0.00391   0.000223   0.05065    -0.00168
    #> VXFXICLS  -0.00891  -0.006167  -0.00435     0.02176
    #>
    #>
    #> Matrix Normal Mean for A4 part:
    #>           GVZCLS_4   OVXCLS_4   EVZCLS_4  VXFXICLS_4
    #> GVZCLS     0.02474  -0.001932  -0.011546     0.00263
    #> OVXCLS    -0.00987   0.030763   0.003771     0.00845
    #> EVZCLS    -0.00318  -0.000206   0.027289     0.00161
    #> VXFXICLS  -0.00898  -0.004378   0.000232     0.00582
    #>
    #>
    #> Matrix Normal Mean for A5 part:
    #>           GVZCLS_5   OVXCLS_5  EVZCLS_5  VXFXICLS_5
    #> GVZCLS     0.01986  -1.47e-03  -0.00970     0.00127
    #> OVXCLS    -0.00357   2.10e-02   0.00339     0.01017
    #> EVZCLS    -0.00284   1.59e-05   0.01729     0.00159
    #> VXFXICLS  -0.00431  -1.70e-03   0.00263     0.01207
    #>
    #>
    #> Matrix Normal Mean for constant part:
    #>   GVZCLS    OVXCLS    EVZCLS  VXFXICLS
    #>   0.7271    0.3713    0.0971    1.2139
    #>
    #>
    #> dim(Matrix Normal precision matrix):
    #> [1]  21  21
    #>
    #>
    #> Sigma ~ Inverse-Wishart
    #> ====================================================
    #> IW scale matrix:
    #>           GVZCLS  OVXCLS  EVZCLS  VXFXICLS
    #> GVZCLS      1285     375     115       287
    #> OVXCLS       375    3638     131       397
    #> EVZCLS       115     131     220       126
    #> VXFXICLS     287     397     126      1186
    #>
    #> IW degrees of freedom:
    #> [1] 887
    #>
    #>
    #> --------------------------------------------------
    #> *_j of the Coefficient matrix: corresponding to the j-th BVAR lag

It is `bvarmn` class. For Bayes computation, it also has other class such as `normaliw` and `bvharmod`.

    # class---------------
    class(fit_bvar)
    #> [1] "bvarmn"   "bvharmod" "normaliw"
    # inheritance---------
    is.bvarmn(fit_bvar)
    #> [1] TRUE
    # names---------------
    names(fit_bvar)
    #>  [1] "coefficients"    "fitted.values"   "residuals"       "mn_prec"
    #>  [5] "covmat"          "iw_shape"        "df"              "m"
    #>  [9] "obs"             "prior_mean"      "prior_precision" "prior_scale"
    #> [13] "prior_shape"     "y0"              "design"          "p"
    #> [17] "totobs"          "type"            "y"               "chain"
    #> [21] "iter"            "burn"            "thin"            "call"
    #> [25] "process"         "spec"

### Flat prior

Ghosh et al. (2018) provides flat prior for covariance matrix, i.e. non-informative. Use `set_bvar_flat(U)`.

    (flat_spec <- set_bvar_flat(U = 5000 * diag(m * bvar_lag + 1))) # c * I
    #> Model Specification for BVAR
    #>
    #> Parameters: Coefficent matrice and Covariance matrix
    #> Prior: Flat
    #> ========================================================
    #>
    #> Setting for 'U':
    #> # A matrix:  21 x 21
    #>        [,1]  [,2]  [,3]  [,4]  [,5]
    #>  [1,]  5000     0     0     0     0
    #>  [2,]     0  5000     0     0     0
    #>  [3,]     0     0  5000     0     0
    #>  [4,]     0     0     0  5000     0
    #>  [5,]     0     0     0     0  5000
    #>  [6,]     0     0     0     0     0
    #>  [7,]     0     0     0     0     0
    #>  [8,]     0     0     0     0     0
    #>  [9,]     0     0     0     0     0
    #> [10,]     0     0     0     0     0
    #> # ... with 11 more rows

Then `bvar_flat(y, p, bayes_spec, include_mean = TRUE)`:

    (fit_ghosh <- bvar_flat(etf_train, bvar_lag, num_iter = 10, bayes_spec = flat_spec))
    #> Call:
    #> bvar_flat(y = etf_train, p = bvar_lag, num_iter = 10, bayes_spec = flat_spec)
    #>
    #> BVAR(5) with Flat Prior
    #> ====================================================
    #>
    #> A ~ Matrix Normal (Mean, U^{-1}, Scale 2 = Sigma)
    #> ====================================================
    #> Matrix Normal Mean for A1 part:
    #>           GVZCLS_1  OVXCLS_1  EVZCLS_1  VXFXICLS_1
    #> GVZCLS      0.3128    0.0460    0.0205      0.0457
    #> OVXCLS      0.0440    0.4128    0.0186      0.0314
    #> EVZCLS      0.0174    0.0230    0.1334      0.0410
    #> VXFXICLS    0.0477    0.0464    0.0481      0.3197
    #>
    #>
    #> Matrix Normal Mean for A2 part:
    #>           GVZCLS_2  OVXCLS_2  EVZCLS_2  VXFXICLS_2
    #> GVZCLS     0.19811   0.00287   0.00771      0.0194
    #> OVXCLS     0.01595   0.23709   0.00978     -0.0111
    #> EVZCLS     0.00425   0.01205   0.11715      0.0201
    #> VXFXICLS   0.02725   0.01516   0.03513      0.2162
    #>
    #>
    #> Matrix Normal Mean for A3 part:
    #>           GVZCLS_3  OVXCLS_3  EVZCLS_3  VXFXICLS_3
    #> GVZCLS     0.13884   -0.0153  -0.00102     0.00591
    #> OVXCLS    -0.00741    0.1304   0.00361    -0.02452
    #> EVZCLS    -0.00353    0.0079   0.10724     0.01150
    #> VXFXICLS   0.00797   -0.0146   0.02633     0.14628
    #>
    #>
    #> Matrix Normal Mean for A4 part:
    #>           GVZCLS_4  OVXCLS_4  EVZCLS_4  VXFXICLS_4
    #> GVZCLS     0.11392  -0.01775  -0.00653     0.00884
    #> OVXCLS    -0.01626   0.09421   0.00195    -0.00572
    #> EVZCLS    -0.00847   0.00565   0.10046     0.01098
    #> VXFXICLS  -0.00356  -0.03067   0.02292     0.10552
    #>
    #>
    #> Matrix Normal Mean for A5 part:
    #>           GVZCLS_5  OVXCLS_5  EVZCLS_5  VXFXICLS_5
    #> GVZCLS     0.11282   -0.0208  -0.01028     0.01136
    #> OVXCLS    -0.01507    0.1004   0.00155     0.00973
    #> EVZCLS    -0.01252    0.0104   0.09667     0.01361
    #> VXFXICLS  -0.00492   -0.0215   0.02342     0.10353
    #>
    #>
    #> Matrix Normal Mean for constant part:
    #>   GVZCLS    OVXCLS    EVZCLS  VXFXICLS
    #> 5.49e-03  7.82e-04  8.83e-05  9.82e-03
    #>
    #>
    #> dim(Matrix Normal precision matrix):
    #> [1]  21  21
    #>
    #>
    #> Sigma ~ Inverse-Wishart
    #> ====================================================
    #> IW scale matrix:
    #>           GVZCLS  OVXCLS  EVZCLS  VXFXICLS
    #> GVZCLS      2483     595     209       535
    #> OVXCLS       595    3580     216       578
    #> EVZCLS       209     216     771       354
    #> VXFXICLS     535     578     354      2472
    #>
    #>
    #> --------------------------------------------------
    #> *_j of the Coefficient matrix: corresponding to the j-th BVAR lag

    # class---------------
    class(fit_ghosh)
    #> [1] "bvarflat" "normaliw" "bvharmod"
    # inheritance---------
    is.bvarflat(fit_ghosh)
    #> [1] TRUE
    # names---------------
    names(fit_ghosh)
    #>  [1] "coefficients"    "fitted.values"   "residuals"       "mn_prec"
    #>  [5] "covmat"          "iw_shape"        "df"              "m"
    #>  [9] "obs"             "prior_mean"      "prior_precision" "y0"
    #> [13] "design"          "y"               "p"               "type"
    #> [17] "chain"           "iter"            "burn"            "thin"
    #> [21] "call"            "process"         "spec"

## BVHAR

Consider the VAR(22) form of VHAR.

\[ \begin{aligned} \mathbf{Y}_t = \mathbf{c}& + \left( \Phi^{(d)} + \frac{1}{5} \Phi^{(w)} + \frac{1}{22} \Phi^{(m)} \right) \mathbf{Y}_{t - 1} \\ & + \left( \frac{1}{5} \Phi^{(w)} + \frac{1}{22} \Phi^{(m)} \right) \mathbf{Y}_{t - 2} + \cdots \left( \frac{1}{5} \Phi^{(w)} + \frac{1}{22} \Phi^{(m)} \right) \mathbf{Y}_{t - 5} \\ & + \frac{1}{22} \Phi^{(m)} \mathbf{Y}_{t - 6} + \cdots + \frac{1}{22} \Phi^{(m)} \mathbf{Y}_{t - 22} \end{aligned} \]

What does Minnesota prior mean in VHAR model?

- All the equations are centered around \(\mathbf{Y}_t + \mathbf{c}+ \Phi^{(d)} \mathbf{Y}_{t - 1} + \boldsymbol\epsilon_t\)
- RW form: shrink diagonal elements of \(\Phi^{(d)}\) toward one
  - \(\Phi^{(w)}\) and \(\Phi^{(m)}\) to zero
- WN form: \(\delta_i = 0\)

For more simplicity, write coefficient matrices by \(\Phi^{(1)}, \Phi^{(2)}, \Phi^{(3)}\). If we apply the prior in the same way, Minnesota moment becomes

\[ E \left[ (\Phi^{(l)})_{ij} \right] = \begin{cases} \delta_i & j = i, \; l = 1 \\ 0 & o/w \end{cases} \quad \mathrm{Var}\left[ (\Phi^{(l)})_{ij} \right] = \begin{cases} \frac{\lambda^2}{l^2} & j = i \\ \nu \frac{\lambda^2}{l^2} \frac{\sigma_i^2}{\sigma_j^2} & o/w \end{cases} \]

We call this VAR-type Minnesota prior or BVHAR-S.

### BVHAR-S

`set_bvhar(sigma, lambda, delta, eps = 1e-04)` specifies VAR-type Minnesota prior.

    (bvhar_spec_v1 <- set_bvhar(sig, lam, delta, eps))
    #> Model Specification for BVHAR
    #>
    #> Parameters: Coefficent matrice and Covariance matrix
    #> Prior: MN_VAR
    #> ========================================================
    #>
    #> Setting for 'sigma':
    #>   GVZCLS    OVXCLS    EVZCLS  VXFXICLS
    #>     3.77     10.63      2.27      3.81
    #>
    #> Setting for 'lambda':
    #> [1]  0.2
    #>
    #> Setting for 'delta':
    #> [1]  0  0  0  0
    #>
    #> Setting for 'eps':
    #> [1]  1e-04
    #>
    #> Setting for 'hierarchical':
    #> [1]  FALSE

`bvhar_minnesota(y, har = c(5, 22), bayes_spec, include_mean = TRUE)` can fit BVHAR with this prior. This is the default prior setting. Similar to above functions, this function will be also integrated into `vhar_bayes()` and removed in the next version.

    (fit_bvhar_v1 <- bvhar_minnesota(etf_train, num_iter = 10, bayes_spec = bvhar_spec_v1))
    #> Call:
    #> bvhar_minnesota(y = etf_train, num_iter = 10, bayes_spec = bvhar_spec_v1)
    #>
    #> BVHAR with Minnesota Prior
    #> ====================================================
    #>
    #> Phi ~ Matrix Normal (Mean, Scale 1, Scale 2 = Sigma)
    #> ====================================================
    #> Matrix Normal Mean for day:
    #>           GVZCLS_day  OVXCLS_day  EVZCLS_day  VXFXICLS_day
    #> GVZCLS        0.7808     0.00502      0.0595        0.0181
    #> OVXCLS        0.0419     0.75268      0.1293       -0.0129
    #> EVZCLS        0.0109     0.00957      0.7248        0.0213
    #> VXFXICLS      0.0252     0.00347      0.1003        0.8042
    #>
    #>
    #> Matrix Normal Mean for week:
    #>           GVZCLS_week  OVXCLS_week  EVZCLS_week  VXFXICLS_week
    #> GVZCLS         0.1160    -0.007669     -0.03216       -0.00181
    #> OVXCLS        -0.0211     0.152822      0.02794       -0.00136
    #> EVZCLS        -0.0103    -0.000372      0.13214       -0.00158
    #> VXFXICLS      -0.0177    -0.010393      0.00229        0.10274
    #>
    #>
    #> Matrix Normal Mean for month:
    #>           GVZCLS_month  OVXCLS_month  EVZCLS_month  VXFXICLS_month
    #> GVZCLS         0.05269      -0.00345       -0.0110        -0.00302
    #> OVXCLS         0.00556       0.05169       -0.0225        -0.01051
    #> EVZCLS        -0.00441       0.00410        0.0502        -0.00138
    #> VXFXICLS       0.00733      -0.00321        0.0109         0.00573
    #>
    #>
    #> Matrix Normal Mean for constant part:
    #>   GVZCLS    OVXCLS    EVZCLS  VXFXICLS
    #>   0.6107    0.1410    0.0741    1.1544
    #>
    #>
    #> dim(Matrix Normal precision matrix):
    #> [1]  13  13
    #>
    #>
    #> Sigma ~ Inverse-Wishart
    #> ====================================================
    #> IW scale matrix:
    #>           GVZCLS  OVXCLS  EVZCLS  VXFXICLS
    #> GVZCLS      1268     366     114       286
    #> OVXCLS       366    3742     131       378
    #> EVZCLS       114     131     219       121
    #> VXFXICLS     286     378     121      1189

This model is `bvharmn` class.

    # class---------------
    class(fit_bvhar_v1)
    #> [1] "bvharmn"  "bvharmod" "normaliw"
    # inheritance---------
    is.bvharmn(fit_bvhar_v1)
    #> [1] TRUE
    # names---------------
    names(fit_bvhar_v1)
    #>  [1] "coefficients"    "fitted.values"   "residuals"       "mn_prec"
    #>  [5] "covmat"          "iw_shape"        "df"              "m"
    #>  [9] "obs"             "prior_mean"      "prior_precision" "prior_scale"
    #> [13] "prior_shape"     "y0"              "design"          "p"
    #> [17] "week"            "month"           "totobs"          "type"
    #> [21] "HARtrans"        "y"               "chain"           "iter"
    #> [25] "burn"            "thin"            "call"            "process"
    #> [29] "spec"

### BVHAR-L

Set \(\delta_i\) for weekly and monthly coefficient matrices in above Minnesota moments:

\[ E \left[ (\Phi^{(l)})_{ij} \right] = \begin{cases} d_i & j = i, \; l = 1 \\ w_i & j = i, \; l = 2 \\ m_i & j = i, \; l = 3 \end{cases} \]

i.e. instead of one `delta` vector, set three vector

- `daily`
- `weekly`
- `monthly`

This is called VHAR-type Minnesota prior or BVHAR-L.

`set_weight_bvhar(sigma, lambda, eps, daily, weekly, monthly)` defines BVHAR-L.

    daily <- rep(.1, m)
    weekly <- rep(.1, m)
    monthly <- rep(.1, m)
    (bvhar_spec_v2 <- set_weight_bvhar(sig, lam, eps, daily, weekly, monthly))
    #> Model Specification for BVHAR
    #>
    #> Parameters: Coefficent matrice and Covariance matrix
    #> Prior: MN_VHAR
    #> ========================================================
    #>
    #> Setting for 'sigma':
    #>   GVZCLS    OVXCLS    EVZCLS  VXFXICLS
    #>     3.77     10.63      2.27      3.81
    #>
    #> Setting for 'lambda':
    #> [1]  0.2
    #>
    #> Setting for 'eps':
    #> [1]  1e-04
    #>
    #> Setting for 'daily':
    #> [1]  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1
    #>
    #> Setting for 'weekly':
    #> [1]  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1
    #>
    #> Setting for 'monthly':
    #> [1]  0.1  0.1  0.1  0.1
    #>
    #> Setting for 'hierarchical':
    #> [1]  FALSE

`bayes_spec` option of `bvhar_minnesota()` gets this value, so you can use this prior intuitively.

    fit_bvhar_v2 <- bvhar_minnesota(
      etf_train,
      num_iter = 10,
      bayes_spec = bvhar_spec_v2
    )
    fit_bvhar_v2
    #> Call:
    #> bvhar_minnesota(y = etf_train, num_iter = 10, bayes_spec = bvhar_spec_v2)
    #>
    #> BVHAR with Minnesota Prior
    #> ====================================================
    #>
    #> Phi ~ Matrix Normal (Mean, Scale 1, Scale 2 = Sigma)
    #> ====================================================
    #> Matrix Normal Mean for day:
    #>           GVZCLS_day  OVXCLS_day  EVZCLS_day  VXFXICLS_day
    #> GVZCLS        0.7670     0.00504      0.0644       0.01884
    #> OVXCLS        0.0497     0.73098      0.0999      -0.00317
    #> EVZCLS        0.0122     0.00907      0.7094       0.02036
    #> VXFXICLS      0.0259     0.00429      0.0976       0.79368
    #>
    #>
    #> Matrix Normal Mean for week:
    #>           GVZCLS_week  OVXCLS_week  EVZCLS_week  VXFXICLS_week
    #> GVZCLS         0.1259    -0.008055     -0.03361       -0.00353
    #> OVXCLS        -0.0222     0.168704      0.01523       -0.00218
    #> EVZCLS        -0.0108    -0.000896      0.14770       -0.00294
    #> VXFXICLS      -0.0199    -0.010546     -0.00238        0.11358
    #>
    #>
    #> Matrix Normal Mean for month:
    #>           GVZCLS_month  OVXCLS_month  EVZCLS_month  VXFXICLS_month
    #> GVZCLS         0.06476      -0.00349      -0.01286        -0.00584
    #> OVXCLS         0.00142       0.06915      -0.03315        -0.01117
    #> EVZCLS        -0.00492       0.00329       0.06611        -0.00337
    #> VXFXICLS       0.00474      -0.00312       0.00592         0.01821
    #>
    #>
    #> Matrix Normal Mean for constant part:
    #>   GVZCLS    OVXCLS    EVZCLS  VXFXICLS
    #>   0.5517    0.0335    0.0834    1.0025
    #>
    #>
    #> dim(Matrix Normal precision matrix):
    #> [1]  13  13
    #>
    #>
    #> Sigma ~ Inverse-Wishart
    #> ====================================================
    #> IW scale matrix:
    #>           GVZCLS  OVXCLS  EVZCLS  VXFXICLS
    #> GVZCLS      1194     372     115       286
    #> OVXCLS       372    3124     125       387
    #> EVZCLS       115     125     193       119
    #> VXFXICLS     286     387     119      1123